Words about Ed Ruscha

Abstract

Objectives: The effectiveness of pictograms to enhance the recall of information through a review of the literature was evaluated. Methodology: A search was conducted using "Pictogram" AND "Recall" on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Knowledge databases. Additional searches were conducted on the above-mentioned databases and on Google Scholar using various combinations of key words "pictorial", "picture", "aid", "memory" and "medication". The main inclusion criterion was recall measurement. Results: Nineteen articles were analyzed. Ten studies measured immediate/short-term recall; five compared immediate/short-term to long-term recall; and four measured only long-term recall. Eight measured cued recall of pictograms and eleven measured free recall. Three studies failed to support pictograms as means to enhance recall for all subjects regardless of demographic characteristics. Recall abilities of elderly participants were lower than young individuals. Literacy level, education level, prior knowledge, and cultural familiarity are factors that may influence pictogram recall. Conclusion: Pictograms enhance patients’ recall of information. Professionals using pictograms in healthcare settings should consider 1) educating patients about pictograms; 2) providing patients with pictorial cues; 3) measuring free recall with "true" method; 4) assessing patient’s reading, education level, and prior knowledge of pictograms; 5) using text and pictograms; 6) and having special considerations for the elderly.